During the war, the Assad regime became notorious for besieging civilians, using chemical weapons, and deliberately targeting hospitals and healthcare workers, the focus of this paper. Between 2011 and 2020, there were 595 attacks on healthcare infrastructure, 536 of which were conducted by the Syrian government and the Russian Air Force, leading to the deaths of 923 medical personnel. By 2021, half of all health facilities in the nation were destroyed, and 70% of surviving healthcare workers have fled the country.

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Due to employer-based insurance as the primary form of healthcare coverage in the United States, the onset of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and related large-scale shutdowns led to massive job and thus coverage losses throughout the initial stages of the pandemic. The overlap between “essential workers” and the under-insured or uninsured leads to inadequate medical treatments and interventions that likely cannot be prevented without altering or redesigning the entire American health insurance system.

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Households lacking access to effective sewage management systems must often resort to substandard, crude solutions. This introduces various health risks, such as parasitic infection, which has been documented in the American South. Legacies of discrimination have resulted in financial pressures and legal complexities for residents in the Southern region, limiting the ability of residents to independently address sanitation challenges at their homes.

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